Children’s orthopaedics is a large and diverse field encompassing hundreds of diagnoses and procedures. The key to appropriate treatment in resource-rich settings consists of early diagnosis and early intervention, with treatment often taking place in specialty children’s hospitals with subspecialist pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. The glaring lack of surgical manpower and surgical infrastructure, highlighted by the Lancet Commission of 2015, results in a large number of children presenting late, with neglected and severe pathologies causing unnecessary disabling impairments. This chapter does not seek to elaborate on all the orthopaedic diagnoses and treatments that are to be found in common textbooks but rather highlight those conditions commonly seen in resource-constrained environments, almost always in states of advanced pathology because of inadequate access to care. Children’s conditions causing disabling impairments include structural congenital anomalies, of which congenital clubfoot is the most prevalent, nutritional deficiency causing angulatory bone deformities, the late effects of chronic bone and joint infection, neglected trauma, and the sequelae of neurologic conditions such as cerebral palsy and poliomyelitis. This chapter highlights these common scenarios, with an emphasis on treatments that can be instituted by generalist surgeons in district hospitals.