Modelling the microscale spatial distribution of urban air temperature in suburban sprawl

Mobile monitoring for urban air temperature at a microscale in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, a unique region dominated by suburban sprawl, was completed via cycling. We sampled seven pre-determined routes across Mississauga, resulting in 3144 min of air temperature measurements between July and August 2022. We developed land use regression models to determine if stopping for 5-min periods every 20 min was beneficial compared to continuous collection. The model generated from the data captured while moving demonstrated the best performance, explaining 80 % of the spatial variability of air temperature in Mississauga. Regression kriging addressed issues of spatial autocorrelation in linear models, improving predictive performance (CV R2 = 0.83, CV RMSE = 0.95 °C, CV MAE = 0.74 °C). We used the regression kriging model from the data captured while moving to predict average, maximum, and 95th percentile air temperature at a 20 m-by-20 m spatial resolution across Mississauga. We also conducted one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests between air temperature and marginalization and found that areas with higher levels of marginalization experience different air temperatures compared to areas with lower levels of marginalization. Our study supports mobile monitoring to access urban air temperature and improve predictive performance by integrating regression kriging.