Austerity is not always one-size-fits-all; it can be a flexible, class-based strategy taking several forms depending on the political-economic forces and institutional characteristics present. This important book identifies continuity and variety in crisis-driven austerity restructuring across Canada, Denmark, Ireland and Spain. In their analysis, the authors focus on several components of austerity, including fiscal and monetary policy, budget narratives, public sector reform, labor market flexibilization, and resistance. In so doing, they uncover how austerity can be categorized into different dynamic types, and expose the economic, social, and political implications of the varieties of austerity. Identifying continuity and variety in crisis-driven austerity restructuring across Canada, Denmark, Ireland and Spain, this important book uncovers how austerity can be categorized into different dynamic types, and exposes the economic, social, and political implications of the varieties of austerity. When the 2008 crisis hit, all four countries (Canada, Denmark, Ireland and Spain) were in relatively good shape fiscally. Within a few short years the public sector and its finances were not only implicated in, but also targeted as causing, a crisis of profligate spending. While the bulk of this book focuses on cutbacks, retrenchment and restructuring, in this chapter we expose the significant commitments to capital made in the name of austerity. Thus, the austerity era should not be confused with one where public sector spending is simply curtailed; instead state support for capital is often extended in new and familiar ways. In short, there is a lot of spending to account for in times of austerity. In this chapter we: 1) provide an economic background for, and brief overview of, fiscal adjustments and drivers of spending in an austere time – these being related most closely to a) domestic economic imbalances, b) financial and housing bubbles, and c) exposure to international economic downturn; and 2) summarize the massive bank bailouts and aid to the financial sector that each country offered capital in the wake of the 2008 crisis (often institutionalized through public sector agencies). We begin with national snapshots of each country’s fiscal–financial condition when the 2008 crisis first hit, weaving in, where appropriate, an historical overview. Next, we provide a thematic description of the nation-specific bailouts and banking sector guarantees (insulations): a) stimulus and guarantees (credit underwriting, insurance support and the like), b) bailouts (asset taking, nationalization), c) write-offs and taxpayer-borne risks, d) partnerships and privatization, and e) international pressures (from supranational institutions and investors).