Liquid Transmission Electron Microscopy for Probing Collagen Biomineralization

ABSTRACT Collagen biomineralization is foundational to hard tissue assembly. While studied extensively, collagen mineralization processes are not fully understood as the majority of theories are derived from electron microscopy (EM) in static, dehydrated, or frozen conditions, unlike the liquid phase environment where mineralization occurs dynamically. Herein, novel liquid transmission EM (TEM) strategies are presented, where collagen …