Costs to females and benefits to males from forced copulations in fruit flies

Forced copulation, which is perhaps the most extreme form of sexual conflict, is ubiquitous among many species including humans. To better understand the evolution and maintenance of forced copulations, it is imperative to assess their costs and benefits. We followed up on recent studies indicating frequent forced copulations in two wild populations of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, and quantified their effects on males and females under …