Journal article
NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and smoking motives as intermediate phenotypes for nicotine dependence
Abstract
RationaleNicotine dependence (ND) is a heterogeneous phenotype with complex genetic influences. The use of intermediate ND phenotypes may clarify genetic influences and reveal specific etiological pathways. Prior work has found that the four Primary Dependence Motives (PDM) subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance) of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Motives (WISDM) represent heavy, pervasive smoking, which is a core …
Authors
Bidwell LC; McGeary JE; Gray JC; Palmer RHC; Knopik VS; MacKillop J
Journal
Psychopharmacology, Vol. 232, No. 7, pp. 1177–1186
Publisher
Springer Nature
Publication Date
April 2015
DOI
10.1007/s00213-014-3748-2
ISSN
0033-3158