Thermodynamics of Gallium (Ga) at Black Copper Smelting Conditions Relevant to E-Waste Processing

Electronic waste (E-waste) is considered as a hazardous material, however, it also contains valuable elements, including gallium (Ga). E-waste can be processed through the black copper smelting to recover these valuable elements. However, the detailed thermodynamics behavior of many of the valuable elements during black copper smelting has not been studied comprehensively. This study aims to investigate the thermodynamics of Ga in copper and …