Drug anticipation and drug addiction. The 1998 H. David Archibald Lecture

Environmental cues associated with drug use become capable of eliciting withdrawal symptoms, craving and relapse to drug self-administration. The phenomenon, although noted almost 150 years ago, has repeatedly been confirmed in epidemiological and experimental studies. Drug tolerance, which is closely correlated with withdrawal symptoms and craving, is also modulated by drug-associated environmental cues. The contribution of predrug cues to …