Hypercalcemia is a common medical problem in clinical practice. Many patients are asymptomatic at presentation [1]. Mechanisms of hypercalcemia include increased bone resorption, increased gastrointestinal absorption of calcium and/or increased renal calcium reabsorption. Hypercalcemia can be classified into parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent and PTH-independent causes [2]. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAHC) represent the most common etiologies of hypercalcemia and comprise approximately 80–90 % of the causes of hypercalcemia [3]. In this chapter we will discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and management of hypercalcemia (Table 9.1).
Authors
Hashem WA; Orr CJ; Khan AA
Book title
Medical and Surgical Treatment of Parathyroid Diseases