The Principles of Gas and Powder Injection for Iron Refining

Powder injection techniques have been widely adopted in the steel industry for economically carrying out ladle metallurgy operations such as desulfurization, dephosphorization and alloying. However, in general, the foundry industry has not fully utilized this technology. One of the obstacles to this has been the lack of understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena which occur during powder injection. In this paper, a number of studies …