This section is a collection of 11 chapters covering various topics of remote sensing applications to terrestrial ecosystems. With rapid development in space-borne technology in recent decades, regional and global remote sensing imagery of various spectral, spatial, temporal, and angular resolutions has been abundant and has become indispensible for addressing many pressing environmental issues associated with terrestrial ecosystems. As the latest methodologies for terrestrial remote sensing applications have become increasingly complex and sophisticated, these chapters are intended to cover the fundamentals of these methodologies, to provide benchmarks for their developments to date, and to point out remaining issues and future research directions. This section can therefore serve as a reference and a guide to the field of terrestrial remote sensing.