Therapeutic effects of nintedanib are not influenced by emphysema in the INPULSIS trials

Emphysema is a common comorbidity in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) [1–4]. Due to the combination of restrictive and obstructive effects, patients with concomitant IPF and emphysema typically present with normal or elevated forced vital capacity (FVC) but reduced diffusing capacity [5]. Data from retrospective studies have demonstrated that lung function decline is attenuated in patients with IPF who have emphysema [6], with …