A Novel, High-Dynamic-Range, High-Speed, and High-Sensitivity CMOS Imager Using Time-Domain Single-Photon Counting and Avalanche Photodiodes

Avalanche photodiodes used in Geiger mode as single-photon counters have become very attractive imaging tools. High-speed single-photon imaging can be used in very low-light-level applications such as surveillance and security imaging, quantum computing, and biomedical imaging including bioluminescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging. However, a typical avalanche-based single-photon detector cannot offer the high dynamic range that is needed …