Cerebral-evoked potential responses following direct vagal and esophageal electrical stimulation in humans

Cerebral evoked responses following direct electrical stimulation of the vagus and esophagus were compared in 8 epileptic subjects and with those recorded after esophageal stimulation in 12 healthy nonepileptic controls. Direct vagal stimulation was performed using a left cervical vagal pacemaker, which is used in the treatment of epilepsy. Esophageal stimulation was obtained with the use of an esophageal assembly incorporating two electrodes …