Examination of the Elbow: Linking Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Outcomes as a Framework for Maximizing Therapy Interventions

A conceptual framework for examination of the elbow by the therapist is presented. The role of history taking including patient life-style factors, comorbidities and goals; pain assessment; utility of provocative maneuvers and range of motion analysis are presented. Assessment of strength using hand-held dynamometry is described. Pain and disability measures relevant to patients with elbow pathology are discussed and one patient self report instruments is appended (the Patient-rated Elbow Evaluation). The psychometrics properties of tests for the elbow, when available, are reviewed. A template for recording an elbow examination is provided.