A phantom-based feasibility study for detection of gadolinium in bone in-vivo using X-ray fluorescence

Gadolinium (Gd) based contrast agents have been commonly used over the past three decades to improve contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. These complexes, originally thought to be stable and clear from the body shortly after administration, have been shown to dissociate to a small extent and deposit in organs such as bone. A safe and non-invasive method for measuring Gd in bone is necessary for further exploring Gd retention in the body …