Tip to apex distance in femoral intertrochanteric fractures: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Hip fractures are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Implants used for hip fracture fixation can fail for many reasons including lag screw cut-out. Tip-apex distance (TAD) is indicative of the position and depth of a screw in the femoral head and has been shown to be associated with cut-out failure. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature to quantify the association between TAD and cut-out …