In an era of controversies surrounding the relevance and appropriateness of p-values, there is increasing importance for understanding the nuances of confidence intervals (CI) for statistical inference. This chapter delves into the essential concepts surrounding CIs, their significance, and their interpretation in the context of surgical literature. The reader will be guided through a sample clinical scenario and review of relevant evidence to consolidate learned concepts surrounding CIs in surgical literature. Practical applications of our understanding of CIs for interpreting non-inferiority trials, minimal important differences, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) framework will also be covered.