Engineering signal interfaces for enhanced electrochemical biosensing

Signal interface design advances have revolutionized electrochemical biosensing by greatly enhancing electron transfer efficiency, signal stability, and analyte selectivity. Recent innovations, including 3D-printed sensing platforms, soft and stretchable electrodes, and laser-induced graphene (LIG) interfaces, have enabled biosensors with heightened sensitivity, reduced interference, and improved durability. Merging high-performance surface engineering and embedded technologies like microfluidics has opened avenues toward improved functionality for convenient operation across wide physiological conditions. Such advances have been particularly impactful in biomarker detection, where signal-optimized interfaces allow ultrasensitive real-time monitoring of clinically relevant analytes in biofluids such as sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF). This development lays the groundwork for the next generations of non-invasive health monitoring tools by bridging the gap between traditional laboratory diagnostics and novel point-of-care systems. This review offers a snapshot of signal interface innovations, categorizing recent work from the past two years into key thematic areas. We emphasize emerging trends in electrode functionalization, transduction amplification, and interface engineering, with a critical analysis of how these translate into the enhancement of biosensor performance. Providing a snapshot of the state-of-the-art electrochemical biosensing, this review is a reference guide for researchers developing novel biosensing platforms.