Measuring Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) Levels: Applications, Limitations, and Future Directions

INTRODUCTION: There are important challenges with the measurement and interpretation of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) anticoagulant effect including a lack of therapeutic ranges, inaccuracy of routinely available coagulation assays, lack of established thresholds for clinically significant effect, and uncertainty about how to apply the results to patient care. OBJECTIVE: In this narrative review, we provide a practical approach to DOAC …