Integrating Hydrodynamic Modeling with Ecological Risk Assessment for Selecting Sites for Artificial Reef Deployment: Avoiding Coastal Pollution Risks in Kish Island, Persian Gulf

The decline of natural coral reefs has spurred interest in artificial reef construction and reef rehabilitation efforts. However, many restoration programs are failing because of poor water quality and localized pollution factors. This paper examines one etiology of coral restoration failure, highlighting the need for careful site selection based on hydrodynamic, biological, and pollution criteria. Using Kish Island as a case study, we outline a procedure for determining placement of artificial reefs to minimize external pollution impacts, which could be applied to any reef site worldwide. Our integration of computational modeling and geographic information systems enables the tracking of pollution dispersion and increases the power of restoration efforts. The RQ Plume modeling, used alongside compound pollutant modeling, can identify hotspots with the highest potential to degrade marine environments, particularly reefs. Conservation efforts should prioritize pollution mitigation, as seen in the case of sunscreen pollutants at Kish Island, where regulatory action and public education can contribute to reef protection. This comprehensive approach underscores the critical role of water quality in successful reef restoration and conservation strategies.