Abstract Poultry litter (PL) is an excellent source of micro‐ and macronutrients. However, surface applications result in greater nutrient runoff and nitrogen loss via ammonia volatilization. Subsurface banding PL is a promising technology for combating these challenges, but scant information exists on proper soil sampling techniques and management recommendations for subsurface‐applied PL. Therefore, objectives were to quantify the nutrient status based on sampling depth (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm) and schema (systematic [0, 3, 7, and 10 cm from PL bands] and composite) to develop subsurface PL recommendations per system (annual cropping and perennial pasture). Soil samples were collected during PL application (subsurface and surface) and 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months thereafter. On average, total N, Mehlich‐3 extractable P, and Mehlich‐3 extractable K were 15%, 96%, and 72% greater, respectively, for subsurface compared to surface applications. Further, Mehlich‐3 and water‐soluble P at the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth were 4–5 and 2–3 times greater in soils receiving subsurface PL in perennial pasture and row crop systems, respectively, compared to surface applications, likely owing to lesser nutrient losses to the air, soil, and water under subsurface PL systems. Compared to surface applications, subsurface PL increased ( p < 0.05) N, P, and K crop removal by 75%, 70%, and 72%, respectively, and resulted in 80% and 78% yield increases and N‐use efficiency, respectively. Consequently, subsurface PL conserved greater N, P, and K at the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth, thus increasing nutrient‐use efficiency in row crop systems and improving water quality in sensitive watersheds.
Core Ideas Nutrient status after Subsurfer and surface poultry litter (PL) were tracked based on sampling schema and crop system. Soil N, Mehlich 3‐extractable P, NH 4 ‐N, and water‐soluble K were greater for subsurface PL applications. Labile nutrient trends suggest PL can be Subsurfer‐applied every 2 years, relative to annual surface PL. Nutrient attenuation in PL bands underscores the importance of composite sampling in subsurface PL systems. Subsurface PL conserved nutrients and improved nutrient‐use efficiency, uptake, and yield in annual systems.