abstract
- Four-dimensional printing with embedded photoluminescence is emerging as an exciting area in additive manufacturing. Slim polymer films patterned with three-dimensional lattices of multimode cylindrical waveguides (waveguide-encoded lattices, WELs) with enhanced fields of view can be fabricated by localizing light as self-trapped beams within a photopolymerizable formulation. Luminescent WELs have potential applications as solar cell coatings and smart planar optical components. However, as luminophore-photoinitiator interactions are expected to change the photopolymerization kinetics, the design of robust luminescent photopolymer sols is nontrivial. Here, we use model photopolymer systems based on methacrylate-siloxane and epoxide homopolymers and their blends to investigate the influence of the luminophore Lumogen Violet (LV) on the photolysis kinetics of the Omnirad 784 photoinitiator through UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy. Initial rate analysis with different bulk polymers reveals differences in the pseudo-first-order rate constants in the absence and presence of LV, with a notable increase (∼40%) in the photolysis rate for the 1:1 blend. Fluorescence quenching studies, coupled with density functional theory calculations, establish that these differences arise due to electron transfer from the photoexcited LV to the ground-state photoinitiator molecules. We also demonstrate an in situ UV-vis absorbance technique that enables real-time monitoring of both waveguide formation and photoinitiator consumption during the fabrication of WELs. The in situ photolysis kinetics confirm that LV-photoinitiator interactions also influence the photopolymerization process during WEL formation. Our findings show that luminophores play a noninnocent role in photopolymerization and highlight the necessity for both careful consideration of the photopolymer formulation and a real-time monitoring approach to enable the fabrication of high-quality micropatterned luminescent polymeric films.