High-Frequency Data Provides Insight into Chloride Transport Pathways and Exceedances of Chronic Chloride Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life in Streams Impacted by Deicers

Assessments of elevated stream chloride (Cl) concentrations ([Cl]), predominantly sourced from winter application of road deicers across snow belt regions, are starting to use high-frequency data, more so in the United States (U.S.) than in Canada. Here, [Cl] was derived from high-frequency specific conductance (SC) measurements from nine streams draining urbanized subwatersheds around Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, between May 2020 and April 2021. …