The care of a hemodialysis (HD) patient is typically provided in a multidisciplinary setting that includes nurses, dieticians, pharmacists, social workers, and nephrologists. This chapter discusses important issues related to the optimal care of hemodialysis patients, including potassium, acidosis, blood pressure control, nutrition, and cardiovascular disease. Hyperkalemia is common among HD patients. Intradialytic Hypotension is a reduction in blood pressure during a dialysis treatment. Sodium profiles may result in a positive, negative, or neutral net sodium balance. Blood pressures that meet the definition of hypertension for nondialysis patients are common in HD patients. A measure of dietary protein intake is commonly recommended and may best reflect the role of nutritional intervention. For both enteral and parenteral feeding, understanding the risk of harm is less well delineated than estimating benefits.