Eye movements as direct tests of the GO model for the missing-letter effect

When asked to detect target letters while reading a text, participants miss more letters in frequently occurring function words than in less frequent content words. To account for this pattern of results, known as the missingletter effect, Greenberg, Healy, Koriat, and Kreiner (2004) proposed the guidance-organization (GO) model, which integrates the two leading models of the missing-letter effect while incorporating innovative assumptions …