Anomalies of Kidney Rotation, Position, and Fusion

Congenital anomalies of kidney rotation, position, and fusion are very common and are frequently identified by chance. They can be considered as a “normal variant,” as long as they do not cause complications or are related to other problems such as urinary drainage impairment, dysplasia, VUR, infection, or other associated malformations. This chapter describes the embryology, multimodality imaging appearances and complications of this spectrum of pathologies.