Objective: To discover and isolate a new nano-components in Descurainiae Semen Carbonisatum (DSC-NCs), and evaluate its protective effect and its possible mechanism through lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) model. Methods: A muffle furnace was used to carbonize Tinglizi (Descurainiae Semen), and the carbonized product was extracted, separated and dialyzed to obtain a water-soluble nano-component, named Descurainiae Semen Carbonisatum nano-components (DSC-NCs). Modern instruments such as transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize DSC-NCs, and CCK-8 experiments were used to evaluate the safety of DSC-NCs. At the same time, the LPS-induced ALI rat model was used to evaluate the protective effect of DSC-NCs. The pathological morphology of lung tissueandthe cytokinecontent changes of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in oxidative damage oflung tissuewere observed to study the protective effect of DSC-NCs on ALI in rats and its possible mechanism. Results: TEM results showed that the DSC-NCs had a nearly spherical appearance and good dispersion, mainly concentrated in the range of 2.5-6.5 nm, with a lattice spacing of 0.224 nm. XPS analysis showed that DSC-NCs contained C, O, N and other elements, of which C and O were the dominant elements. Combined with infrared spectroscopy, it could be found that the surface functional groups were rich, containing a large number of hydroxyl, carboxyl and other groups. In addition, cytotoxicity experiments showed that the safe dose of DSC-NCs was within 500 μg/mL. The results of animal experiments showed that the degree of lung tissue destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration in the DSC-NCs treatment group were effectively alleviated. DSC-NCs could significantly reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in rat serum, increase the activities of SOD and reduce the content of MDA. Conclusion: DSC-NCs had a certain protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in rats. The preliminary study of its mechanism was related to inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and reducing excessive oxidative stress. This research not only provides new insights for exploring the material basis of charcoal drugs, but also provides a new way for the research and development of therapeutic drugs for ALI diseases.