Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery-FLS

Ever since Erich Muhe performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in 1985, training laparoscopic surgery to new and established surgeons has been a major and complex issue. Spurred on by industry, patient demand, physician competition, and hospital administrations, the rapid adoption of laparoscopic surgery preceded many of the studies of its efficacy and safety. However, as reports of increased rates of complications and steeper than expected learning curves started to appear in the literature, the surgical community began to develop a greater awareness of the distinctiveness of the knowledge and skills necessary to safely incorporate laparoscopy into practice.