This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book presents the complexity of influences on health outcomes reveals that both health’ and development’ can too easily be reduced to stereotypical understandings. They are, as Phillips and Verhasselt noted beguilingly simple, defy(ing) concise and consistent definition’. A quarter-century later, Wilson, Rosenberg and Ning’s survey of the health status of indigenous peoples in Canada reveals an example of the enduring disparities within ostensibly developed’ nations. The book considers the value of re-framing analyses of health and development in terms of human rights. This move would identify strengths and opportunities for the future. For example, aboriginal peoples might be described in terms of their traditional knowledge. And their innovation in health service delivery in rural communities. Looking to the future, it considers the value of re-framing analyses of health and development in terms of human rights.