abstract
- Patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) experience highly heterogeneous outcomes when treated with standard-of-care systemic regimens. Therefore, valid biomarkers are needed to predict the clinical response to these therapies and help guide management. In this review, the authors outline relevant and promising biomarkers for patients with mccRCC receiving systemic therapies, with a focus on immunotherapy-based regimens.