Effects of Predation by Bumblebee Wolves (Philanthus bicinctus, sphecidae, hymenoptera) on Bumblebees and Plants

The interactions between flowers and their pollinators have been extensively studied in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. Although predators can dramatically influence insect-flower interactions, this issue has been mostly ignored until recently. One of the best systems for quantifying the effect of predators on pollinators is that of bumblebee wolves (Philanthus bicinctus), which are sphecid wasps endemic to the American Rockies, who prey almost exclusively on bumblebees. (see photos at http://psych.mcmaster.caldukas/pred&poll.htm). Relaying on research from 45 years ago, I located a large aggregation of bumblebee wolves at Yellowstone National Park and commenced research in summer 2003.