Friction pressure method for simulating solute drag and particle pinning in a multiphase-field model

In many polycrystalline materials, second phase particles and solute atoms impose a drag pressure on the motion of grain boundaries. The drag effect occurs on a scale comparable to the particle diameter and interface thickness. However, to simulate grain growth with numerical efficiency one requires a model that captures the drag pressure on the interfaces but does not resolve the fine particles or solute segregation spike. In this paper, a …