Chapter 2 Managing Organizational Knowledge by Diagnosing Intellectual Capital: Framing and Advancing the State of the Field1 1This chapter was reprinted with permission from Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. © 1999. Bontis, Nick. 1999. “Managing Organizational Knowledge by Diagnosing Intellectual Capital: Framing and advancing the state of the field.” International Journal of Technology Management 18, 5/6/7/8: 433–62.

Since organizational knowledge is at the crux of sustainable competitive advantage, the burgeoning field of intellectual capital is an exciting area for both researchers and practitioners. Intellectual capital is conceptualized from numerous disciplines, making the field a mosaic of perspectives. Accountants are interested in how to measure it on the balance sheet, information technologists want to codify it on systems, sociologists want to balance power with it, psychologists want to develop minds because of it, human resource managers want to calculate an ROI on it, and training and development officers want to make sure that they can build it. The following article represents a comprehensive literature review from a variety of managerial disciplines. In addition to highlighting the research to date, avenues for future pursuit are also offered.