The Transnational Circulation of Model Programs for Children in the Early 20th Century in Toronto

This article addresses a transnational history of caring, recognizing that deliberate networks of relationships were established across nations, which contributed to shaping social supports. How were transnational influences, local initiatives of nation building, and early manifestations of social work related? The article draws upon the archives of a childcare agency established in Toronto, Canada, in the early 20th century. Some of the transnational influences were tied to the colonial history of Canada and to imperialist transmission. This is also a gendered history, as women led such organizations. An intriguing finding shows a greater presence of international visitors in the beginning years of the agency, and a restricted local pattern subsequently. This shift is illuminated by historical policy considerations.