Low carbon future of vehicle sharing, automation, and electrification: A review of modeling mobility behavior and demand

Vehicle sharing, automation, and electrification are anticipated to move mobility and society towards low carbon and sustainability. Yet their positives and negatives to the society and natural environment largely depend on how people response to them which is poorly understood. A systematic review is performed in this study to discuss the modeling approaches that quantify travel behavior and demand implications of those technologies and summarize the pros-and-cons of the state-of-the-art. Evidences suggest that the negative rebound effect of the technologies lack mature discussion and require comprehensive quantification multidimensionally in technology adoption, trip generation, timing, travel distance, mode shift, and urban sprawl. Meanwhile, it is worth addressing the uncertainties of the net impact of the technologies resulted from data quality, population and regional heterogeneity, level of vehicle automation, temporal dynamics, behavior chain reactions, and societal issues like aging, fertility drop, and the pandemic. The findings of this review will enlighten the future endeavors of improving the estimation of mobility demand, energy, and carbon emissions implications of the innovative mobility technologies.