Testing and Extending the Escalator Hypothesis: Does the Pattern of Post-migration Income Gains in Toronto Suggest Productivity and/or Learning Effects?

Workers earn incomes that are significantly higher in large metropolitan areas as compared with other locations in the urban hierarchy, reflecting both agglomeration economies and variation in the composition of skills and abilities across space. What benefits accrue to in-migrants to large urban areas? Fielding’s concept of the escalator region provides one way to evaluate the role of large metropolitan areas vis-à-vis the labour market, …