Tracking ALMA System Temperature with Water Vapor Data at High Frequency

As the world-leading submillimeter telescope, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observatory is now putting more focus on high-frequency observations at Band 7–10 (frequencies from 275 to 950 GHz). However, high-frequency observations often suffer from rapid variations in atmospheric opacity that directly affect the system temperature T sys. Current observations perform discrete atmospheric calibrations (Atm-cals) every few minutes, with typically 10–20 occurring per hour for high frequency observation and each taking 30–40 s. In order to obtain more accurate flux measurements and reduce the number of atmospheric calibrations (Atm-cals), a new method to monitor T sys continuously is proposed using existing data in the measurement set. In this work, we demonstrate the viability of using water vapor radiometer (WVR) data to track the T sys continuously. We find a tight linear correlation between T sys measured using the traditional method and T sys extrapolated based on WVR data with scatter of 0.5%–3%. Although the exact form of the linear relation varies among different data sets and spectral windows, we can use a small number of discrete T sys measurements to fit the linear relation and use this heuristic relationship to derive T sys every 10 s. Furthermore, we successfully reproduce the observed correlation using atmospheric transmission at microwave modeling and demonstrate the viability of a more general method to directly derive the T sys from the modeling. We apply the semi-continuous T sys from heuristic fitting on a few data sets from Band 7 to Band 10 and compare the flux measured using these methods. We find the discrete and continuous T sys methods give us consistent flux measurements with differences up to 5%. Furthermore, this method has significantly reduced the flux uncertainty due to T sys variability for one data set, which has large precipitable water vapor fluctuation, from 10% to 0.7%.