Ultra-low-pressure water softening with pore-filled membranes

The design parameters for high-performance, ultra-low-pressure water softening membranes based on a construct involving pore-filling microporous substrates with polyelectrolyte gels are presented. The design parameters were then used to make a series of gel-filled membranes by in situ crosslinking of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) with diamines (piperazine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) or poly(4-vinylpyridine) with dihalides such as …