Battery Management Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Electric Vehicles

With an increasing demand for higher fuel economy in vehicles and environment-friendly solutions, the last decade has seen a growing emphasis on electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). A hybrid vehicle is deŸned as a vehicle that uses two or more on-board energy to power it. žese sources of power could be an internal combustion engine (ICE), fuel cells, ultracapacitors, battery, 1ywheel, etc. Hybrid vehicles have proven to save energy and reduce pollution by combining an electric motor and an ICE in such a way that the most desirable characteristics of each can be utilized.