This chapter identifies several ways in which scholars have examined the actors and the institutions that influence the process of diasporas becoming local through the theoretical lenses of racialization and cultural citizenship to explain diasporas' sense of belonging to their country of resettlement. Scholars have relied on the racialization concept in migration and diaspora studies to highlight the roles played by the receiving states, capital and the labour market in shaping particular subject positions. Scholars who find the implicit 'methodological nationalism' in migration studies wanting have been drawn to the concept of 'cultural citizenship' as a mode of sociocultural participation and a process of subject-making in the complex web of state and capital powers. The racialization concept draws on the Foucauldian conceptualization of discursive embodiment, elaborating on feminist and queer theorists' use of the framework. Sociologists dealing with transnational immigrants have explored racialization by state policies and labour market mechanisms.
