Quadrupolar NMR of Ionic Conductors, Batteries, and Other Energy‐related Materials
Abstract
Applications of solid‐state NMR methods to characterize structures and dynamic properties of conductive ions in materials for energy storage and conversion are described. Examples are taken from recent literature in the fields of lithium ion batteries and solid‐oxide fuel cells, where 6, 7Li NMR and 17O NMR are shown to provide unique insight into the local environments of the ions and their transport properties. Moreover, in both classes of solid‐state ion conductors, complementary information can be obtained from surrounding nuclei, such as 27Al, 71Ga, and 139La. Examples of how the quadrupolar interactions measured for these nuclei can report on the performance‐determining properties of the candidate materials are provided.