Are Cross-Cultural Shyness Comparisons Valid? Testing Invariance With Multigroup CFA and the Alignment Method Across Eastern and Western Cultures

Temperament/personality research has been largely based on an imposed-etic strategy: Self-report temperament/personality inventories created in and reflecting American culture were tacitly assumed to apply in other countries and cultures. Correspondingly, invariance tests on the underlying phenomena and their associated constructs have been rarely applied in cross-cultural studies and in those instances unsuccessfully. To explore this …