Biomarkers response to zinc exposure in the symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii (Amphisteginidae, Foraminifera)

The acute effects of zinc (Zn) were evaluated in the symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Northeastern Brazil). Foraminifers were acutely (48h) exposed to dissolved Zn concentrations ranging from 9.5 to 93.4μg Zn/l. Endpoints analyzed included mortality, visual alterations (white spots and dark-brown areas in the test), oxidative stress biomarkers (reactive oxygen species generation, lipid …