In Vivo Measurements of Lead in Bone Using a 109Cd ‘SPOT’ Source

The principles of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been described elsewhere1. The XRF technique described here uses the 88.035 keV γ-rays from 109Cd which fluoresce the K shell X-rays of lead and a backscatter geometry is adopted. This technique was developed at the University of Birmingham, England2. In addition to the one described here, further measurement systems are under development3.