Heat transfer and lance clogging during submerged powder injection

Nitrogen and silica particles of 30, 130, and 450 μm average diameters were injected at solid-to-gas loadings up to 280 kg/m3 into liquid lead at 400°C through a steel lance equipped with four thermo-couples. The lance was positioned adjacent to a transparent wall in the lead retort so that the flow patterns could be photographed. It was found that 130 and 450 μm particle injection produced bubling in the lead and clogging at high loadings, …