Design of Compact and Efficient Silicon Photonic Micro Antennas With Perfectly Vertical Emission

Compact and efficient optical antennas are fundamental components for many applications, including high-density fiber-chip coupling and optical phased arrays. Here we present the design of grating-based micro-antennas with perfectly vertical emission in the 300-nm silicon-on-insulator platform. We leverage a methodology combining adjoint optimization and machine learning dimensionality reduction to efficiently map the multiparameter design space of the antennas, analyse a large number of relevant performance metrics, carry out the required multi-objective optimization, and discover high performance designs. Using a one-step apodized grating we achieve a vertical upward diffraction efficiency of almost 92 with a 3.6 $\mu {}$m-long antenna. When coupled with an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber, the antenna exhibits a coupling efficiency of more than 81 (0.9 dB) and a 1-dB bandwidth of almost 158 nm. The reflection generated by the perfectly vertical antenna is smaller than 20 dB on a 200-nm bandwidth centered at $\lambda$ = 1550 nm.