Conclusions: Consilience as the Future of Addiction Psychopharmacology

This is the conclusory chapter of The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology, which brings together the many diverse methodologies and technologies that are used to study addictive behavior. The assembled chapters provide a range of perspectives on addiction, from top‐down approaches that frame addictive disorders across the lifespan to bottom‐up approaches, which focus on the micro‐determinants or neurobiological substrates of addiction. The single theme that is common across them all is a focus on rigorous experimental methodology and empiricism. Greater transdisciplinary consilience, a fuller integration of perspectives and methods, is the clear direction forward for the future of addiction research. The need for greater consilience in addiction research reflects the emphasis on translational research in behavioral and biomedical research in general. Bidirectional relationship between different fields and methodologies is the essence of what is mean by defining greater consilience as the future of addiction research.