Control of Cellular Activity

This chapter contains sections titled: Photochemical Release of Second Messengers – Caged Cyclic Nucleotides Introduction Overview of Phototriggers for cNMPs ortho‐Nitrobenzyl Derivatives (Coumarin‐4‐yl)methyl Derivatives Others Selection of the Most Useful Phototriggers Applications of Caged Cyclic Nucleotides Cyclic Nucleotide‐Gated (CNG) Channels HCN Channels Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells cGMP‐Signaling Pathway in Sperm Miscellaneous Systems Photochemical Release of Second Messengers – Caged Nitric Oxide Introduction Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Endogenous Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Inorganic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Organic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Conclusions Photochemical Release of Neurotransmitters – Transient Kinetic Investigations of Membrane‐bound Receptors on the Surface of Cells in the Microsecond‐to‐Millisecond Time Region Introduction Cell Flow Technique Photochemical Properties of Caged Neurotransmitters Laser Pulse Photolysis Technique Determination of the Rate and Equilibrium Constants of the Channel‐Opening Mechanism Comparison of the Values Obtained for the Rate and Equilibrium Constants of the Channel‐Opening Process Using Independent Techniques Summary Caged Neurotransmitters for Probing Neuronal Circuits, Neuronal Integration, and Synaptic Plasticity Introduction Functional Mapping of Neuronal Connections Example: Uncaging Glutamate to Map Local Connections in the Mammalian Cortex Example: Use of Caged Glutamate for Probing Refinement of Neuronal Connectivity Conclusions and Future Challenges Probing Neuronal Integration Examples Conclusions and Future Challenges Investigating Synaptic Plasticity Conclusions and Future Challenges Photochemical Release of Second Messengers – Caged Cyclic Nucleotides Introduction Overview of Phototriggers for cNMPs ortho‐Nitrobenzyl Derivatives (Coumarin‐4‐yl)methyl Derivatives Others Selection of the Most Useful Phototriggers Applications of Caged Cyclic Nucleotides Cyclic Nucleotide‐Gated (CNG) Channels HCN Channels Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells cGMP‐Signaling Pathway in Sperm Miscellaneous Systems Introduction Overview of Phototriggers for cNMPs ortho‐Nitrobenzyl Derivatives (Coumarin‐4‐yl)methyl Derivatives Others Selection of the Most Useful Phototriggers ortho‐Nitrobenzyl Derivatives (Coumarin‐4‐yl)methyl Derivatives Others Selection of the Most Useful Phototriggers Applications of Caged Cyclic Nucleotides Cyclic Nucleotide‐Gated (CNG) Channels HCN Channels Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells cGMP‐Signaling Pathway in Sperm Miscellaneous Systems Cyclic Nucleotide‐Gated (CNG) Channels HCN Channels Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells cGMP‐Signaling Pathway in Sperm Miscellaneous Systems Photochemical Release of Second Messengers – Caged Nitric Oxide Introduction Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Endogenous Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Inorganic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Organic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Conclusions Introduction Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Endogenous Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Inorganic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Organic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Endogenous Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Inorganic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Organic Photosensitive Precursors to Nitric Oxide Conclusions Photochemical Release of Neurotransmitters – Transient Kinetic Investigations of Membrane‐bound Receptors on the Surface of Cells in the Microsecond‐to‐Millisecond Time Region Introduction Cell Flow Technique Photochemical Properties of Caged Neurotransmitters Laser Pulse Photolysis Technique Determination of the Rate and Equilibrium Constants of the Channel‐Opening Mechanism Comparison of the Values Obtained for the Rate and Equilibrium Constants of the Channel‐Opening Process Using Independent Techniques Summary Introduction Cell Flow Technique Photochemical Properties of Caged Neurotransmitters Laser Pulse Photolysis Technique Determination of the Rate and Equilibrium Constants of the Channel‐Opening Mechanism Comparison of the Values Obtained for the Rate and Equilibrium Constants of the Channel‐Opening Process Using Independent Techniques Summary Caged Neurotransmitters for Probing Neuronal Circuits, Neuronal Integration, and Synaptic Plasticity Introduction Functional Mapping of Neuronal Connections Example: Uncaging Glutamate to Map Local Connections in the Mammalian Cortex Example: Use of Caged Glutamate for Probing Refinement of Neuronal Connectivity Conclusions and Future Challenges Probing Neuronal Integration Examples Conclusions and Future Challenges Investigating Synaptic Plasticity Conclusions and Future Challenges Introduction Functional Mapping of Neuronal Connections Example: Uncaging Glutamate to Map Local Connections in the Mammalian Cortex Example: Use of Caged Glutamate for Probing Refinement of Neuronal Connectivity Conclusions and Future Challenges Example: Uncaging Glutamate to Map Local Connections in the Mammalian Cortex Example: Use of Caged Glutamate for Probing Refinement of Neuronal Connectivity Conclusions and Future Challenges Probing Neuronal Integration Examples Conclusions and Future Challenges Examples Conclusions and Future Challenges Investigating Synaptic Plasticity Conclusions and Future Challenges