Abstract

Cellular respiration constitutes the main oxygen-consuming and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing processes. Whole-animal metabolic rate is the sum of respiration from all tissues combined. ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) requires adequate delivery of both oxygen and metabolic fuels to cells. While environmental levels of oxygen (e.g., atmospheric or dissolved oxygen) and the pathway from gas-transfer organs to tissues …